ABSTRACT
Notoginsenosides， the saponins extracted from Panax notoginseng， have many pharmacological effects， such as anti-inflammation， anti-oxidation， anti-tumor， nervous system and cardiovascular system protection， microcirculation improvement and calcium overload inhibition. At present， notoginsenosides are widely used clinically for treating many diseases with good efficacy， especially for nervous system diseases such as stroke， stroke sequelae and Alzheimer's disease. In recent years， the mechanism underlying their neuroprotective effect has been continuously explored. To advance the applied research on notoginsenosides in the prevention and treatment of central nervous system diseases， this paper， combined with the latest reports， summarizes their neuroprotective effect and mechanisms in terms of regulating voltage-gated ion channels， protecting nerve cells and neurovascular unit， inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction， promoting angiogenesis and reducing excitatory neurotoxicity. Although the protective mechanism of notoginsenosides for the nervous system mainly involves the above several aspects， some of them still remain to be fully elucidated， which necessitates the further exploration of neuroprotective effect of notoginsenosides with molecular biology， metabolomics， proteomics and other technologies.
ABSTRACT
Diabetes is a worldwide public health problem that seriously threats human health. Long-term metabolic disorders， as the main cause of multi-system complications and death in the later stage of diabetes， can cause multi-system damage， leading to chronic progressive lesions in the eyes， kidneys， nerves， heart， blood vessels and other tissues and organs， as well as functional decline and failure. The low risk of side effects and new treatment strategies remain an area to be explored in clinical treatment of diabetes. Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma （SM） is one of the commonly used herbs in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， with the main effect of activating blood circulation and removing blood stasis. In recent years， it has been found that SM shows good performance in lowering blood sugar and treating diabetes complications. Data mining information has also shown that the drugs of activating blood circulation and removing blood stasis are now common drugs in clinical treatment of diabetes， and SM has the highest use frequency， with significant curative effect. In addition， TCM is a kind of treatment with composite components and multiple targets， and so people are increasingly interested in its effective components and carry out extensive researches. This article summarized the experimental verification of SM extract and its components （tanshinone A， tanshinone B， tanshinone ⅡA， tanshinone I， protocatechuic aldehyde， polysaccharide， and total polyphenol acid） in various diabetes models in improving glucolipid metabolism， improving heart function in patients with diabetes， alleviating the motor and sensory deficits caused by diabetes， preventing the occurence of the diabetic retinopathy， recovery of liver and kidney structure and function damage in diabetic patients， and helping to resist high sugar-induced atrophic cavitation potential. It may inhibit hyperglycemia-induced vascular injury with polyol pathway activation， reduce the formation of advanced glycation end products， inhibit protein kinase C pathway activation and hexosamine pathway activation， and alleviate oxidative stress caused by excessive production of peroxides in mitochondrial electron transport chain during hyperglycemia to play a role of treatment， and provide reference for clinical application.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To observe the effect of Shaofu Zhuyutang on nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 （Nrf2） /antioxidant response element （ARE） signaling pathway in blood vessels by establishing the model of rats with cold coagulation and blood stasis syndrome， and to explore the protective effect and mechanism of Shaofu Zhuyutang on vascular endothelial injury. Method:The 50 SPF rats were randomly divided into high dose group （4.8 g·kg-1）， middle dose group （2.4 g·kg-1）， low dose group （1.2 g·kg-1）， model group and normal group （ten of each group）. The rat model of cold coagulation and blood stasis syndrome was established by subcutaneous injection of epinephrine hydrochloride combined with ice bath. At the same time of modeling， the drug was administered by gavage. After 28 days of continuous administration， the hemorheology indexes were detected by automatic hemorheology instrument. Levels of nitric oxide （NO）， endothelin （ET）-1， superoxide dismutase （SOD）， glutathione （GSH-Px）， intercellular adhesion molecule-1（ICAM-1）， vascular cell adhesion molecule-1（VCAM-1）， von Willebrand factor （vWF） in serum were determined by ELISA. Hematoxylin and eosin （HE） staining was used to observe the endothelial injury of vascular tissue of thoracic aorta. The protein expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 in vascular tissue of thoracic aorta was detected by Western blot. Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction（Real-time PCR）was used to observe the expression of Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1 （HO-1） mRNA in vascular tissue of thoracic aorta. Result:Compared with the blank group， model group rats whole blood viscosity and plasma viscosity were significantly increased （P<0.05，P<0.01）， vWF， ICAM 1， VCAM 1 content increased significantly （P<0.01）， NO， SOD， gsh-px levels decreased significantly （P<0.01）， significantly increased the content of ET-1（P<0.01）， thoracic aorta vascular tissue Nrf2， HO-1 mRNA expression was significantly increased （P<0.01）， Nrf2 protein expression in the cell nucleus increased significantly （P<0.05）， The protein expression level of Nrf2 in cytoplasm was significantly decreased （P<0.05）， while the protein expression level of HO-1 was significantly increased （P<0.01）. Compared with model group， the whole blood viscosity （high and middle cut）， plasma viscosity， were significantly reduced in high and meduim-dose Shaofu Zhuyutang groups（P<0.05，P<0.01）. The levels of vWF， ICAM-1， VCAM-1 and ET-1 in serum were significantly reduced （P<0.05，P<0.01）， NO， SOD and GSH-Px increased significantly （P<0.05，P<0.01）. The pathological changes such as hyperplasia， swelling and shedding of endothelial cells of thoracic aorta， rupture of internal elastic membrane and disorder of smooth muscle arrangement were improved. The expression levels of Nrf2， HO-1 protein and gene were significantly increased in vascular tissue of thoracic aorta （P<0.01）. Conclusion:Shaofu Zhuyutang has a protective effect on vascular endothelial injury in rats with cold coagulation and blood stasis syndrome. The mechanism of action is related to the activation of Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway， which leading to the increased expression of antioxidant enzymes and decreased the expression of adhesion factors.
ABSTRACT
To a certain extent, put forward the concept of " component of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)" simplifies the complexity of multi-component and multi-target of TCM, which provides a possibility for the clarification of the material basis of the efficacy of TCM, and also provides a new direction for promoting the modernization and industrialization of TCM, promots the high quality development of TCM. The correlation between prescription and disease syndrome has made rapid progress, both basic research and clinical application are fruitful. However, the correlation between components and disease syndrome still needs to be further studied. The syndrome of blood stasis is a common syndrome of TCM science, and it is more common in various diseases, especially cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, kidney disease, diabetes and hyperlipoidemia. A large number of studies have shown that some specific components contained in TCM or TCM compound can improve the related indexes of patients or experimental animal model with blood stasis syndrome. It is manifested in reducing blood viscosity, inhibiting platelet activation and adhesion aggregation, changing erythrocyte deformability index, inhibiting thrombosis and so on. Blood stasis is not only the pathogenic factor of many diseases, but also the pathological product of many kinds of diseases, which involves a wide range of diseases. Therefore, this study will study the progress of different components of TCM in the prevention and treatment of blood stasis syndrome, focusing on saponins, flavonoids, organic acids, polysaccharides, alkaloids and other active components in improving hemorheological abnormalities, hypercoagulability, platelet activation and adhesion aggregation, thrombosis. Based on the thought of component-disease syndrome, this paper searches the relevant literature in recent 20 years, classifies and summarizes the achievements of different components in the prevention and treatment of blood stasis syndrome, and hopes to provide some ideas for the further study of the pharmacological action of TCM components, the study of compatibility of TCM components and the research of TCM components.
ABSTRACT
Platelets are one of essential components of mammalian blood and play an important role in physiological and pathological reactions such as hemostasis, inflammatory response, thrombosis and rejection of organ transplantation. Platelet activation signal is the main physiological transmission mechanism that activates and induces platelets to play a physiological role, which has been the research focus in the field of physiological research in recent years. In this paper, we reviewed the new mechanisms of adhesion receptor-mediated calcium elevation, the new ideas of platelet activation mediated by pattern recognition receptors, and the new concept in platelet cGMP signaling and some other new researches.